Skip to content

Unit 120 — by and until , by the time ...


A. by ...

by ... = not later than

by 表示:

不迟于…… / 最晚在……之前

也就是说,事情可以在这个时间点之前发生,也可以刚好在这个时间点发生,但不能晚于这个时间点


例句

  • I sent the documents today, so they should arrive by Monday. (= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)

    我今天把文件寄出去了,所以它们应该最迟星期一到达

  • We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock. (= at or before 5 o’clock, not later than 5 o’clock)

    我们最好快一点。我们必须最迟 5 点到家

  • Where’s Sarah? She should be here by now. (= now or before now – so she should already be here)

    Sarah 在哪里?她现在应该已经到了


图片中的例子

This milk has to be used by 14 August.

这盒牛奶必须在 **8 月 14 日之前(含当天)**使用。


B. until / till

We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues.

我们使用 until / till 表示:

某种情况一直持续到某个时间点


例句

A: Shall we go now? 我们现在走吗?

B: No, let’s wait until it stops raining. or No, let’s wait till it stops raining.

不,我们等到雨停了再走


I was very tired this morning.

今天早上我非常累。

  • I stayed in bed until half past ten.
  • I didn’t get up until half past ten.

我一直躺在床上直到十点半

直到十点半才起床


1. Compare until and by

这是本单元最重要的区别。


until:持续到某个时间

Something continues until a time in the future.

某件事情一直持续到某个时间点。

例如:

Joe will be away until Monday.

Joe 会一直不在,直到星期一

也就是说:

he’ll be back on Monday

他星期一回来。


I’ll be working until 11.30.

我会一直工作到 11:30

也就是说:

I’ll stop working at 11.30.

我在 11:30 停止工作。


by:最迟在某个时间完成

Something happens by a time in the future.

某件事情最迟在某个时间点发生 / 完成。

例如:

Joe will be back by Monday.

Joe 最迟星期一回来

也就是说:

not later than Monday

不会晚于星期一。


I’ll have finished my work by 11.30.

我会在 11:30 之前完成工作

也就是说:

I’ll finish it not later than 11.30.

我最迟会在 11:30 完成。


2. until 和 by 的核心区别

可以用一条时间线理解。

until

start ───────────────→ until 11:30 一直持续      到这里停止

例如:

I’ll work until 11:30.

我会一直工作到 11:30

强调:

持续


by

start ──────── ● ────→ by 11:30     任何时间完成 截止点

例如:

I’ll finish the work by 11:30.

我会最迟在 11:30 前完成工作

可能:

10:00 完成 ✓ 10:30 完成 ✓ 11:00 完成 ✓ 11:30 完成 ✓ 12:00 完成 ✗

所以:

until = 持续到……

by = 最迟在……之前 / 截止到……


3. C. by the time ...

4. by the time something happens

You can say:

by the time + 主语 + 动词

意思是:

等到……的时候 / 到……的时候

它通常强调:

当第二件事情发生时,第一件事情已经发生、完成或形成某种状态。


5. 表达未来

例句 1

It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed.

现在去银行已经太晚了。等我们到那里的时候,银行已经关门了。

意思是:

it will close between now and the time we get there

银行会在现在到我们到达之间的某个时间关门。


例句 2

You’ll need plenty of time at the airport. By the time you check in and go through security, it will be time for your flight.

你在机场需要预留很多时间。等你办理完登机手续并通过安检时,就差不多到登机时间了。

这里表示:

check-in and security will take a long time

办理登机手续和通过安检会花不少时间。


例句 3

Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.

快一点!等我们到电影院的时候,电影可能已经开始了。

这里使用:

will have started

表示:

到未来某个时间点时,某件事情已经完成/发生


6. by the time + 现在时,表示未来

注意:

By the time we get there, it will be closed.

虽然说的是未来,但 by the time 后面使用:

一般现在时

不是:

❌ By the time we will get there

正确:

By the time we get there

这和 when / while / until 等时间从句类似。


7. by the time something happened

You can say by the time something happened for the past.

谈论过去时,可以使用:

by the time + 一般过去时

表示:

等到过去某件事情发生的时候……


例句 1

Karen’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left.

Karen 昨晚去参加聚会的路上汽车坏了。等她到达的时候,大部分其他客人已经离开了。

这里:

she arrived 一般过去时

而:

most of the other guests had left 过去完成时

时间关系:

guests left → Karen arrived

客人先离开,然后 Karen 才到。


例句 2

I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.

昨天晚上我有很多工作要做。等我完成工作的时候,我已经非常累了。

意思是:

it took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired

工作花了很长时间,我也越来越累。


例句 3

We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.

我们昨晚去电影院了。我们花了很长时间才找到停车的地方。等我们到电影院时,电影已经开始了。

时间顺序:

the film started ↓ we got to the cinema

所以:

had already started

表示电影开始发生在:

got to the cinema

之前。


8. by the time + 过去时的常见结构

一个非常常见的结构是:

By the time + 一般过去时,过去完成时

例如:

By the time I arrived, they had left.

等我到的时候,他们已经走了。


By the time we got home, the children had fallen asleep.

等我们到家的时候,孩子们已经睡着了。


By the time I got to the office, the meeting had already started.

等我到办公室的时候,会议已经开始了。


9. by the time + 未来的常见结构

表达未来时,经常是:

By the time + 一般现在时,will ...

例如:

By the time we get there, the shop will be closed.

等我们到那里时,商店会已经关门了。


也经常使用未来完成时:

By the time + 一般现在时,will have + 过去分词

例如:

By the time we get there, the film will have started.

等我们到那里时,电影已经开始了。


10. by then / by that time

You can say:

by then

或者:

by that time

意思是:

到那时 / 到那个时候


例如:

Karen finally got to the party at midnight, but by then most of the other guests had left.

Karen 最终在午夜到达聚会,但到那时,大多数其他客人已经离开了。


也可以说:

Karen finally got to the party at midnight, but by that time, most of the other guests had left.

Karen 最终在午夜到达聚会,但到那个时候,大多数其他客人已经离开了。


11. by / until / by the time 对比

by + 时间点

表示:

最迟在……

例如:

Finish it by Friday.

最迟星期五完成。

重点:

deadline 截止时间


until + 时间点

表示:

一直持续到……

例如:

I’ll work until Friday.

我会一直工作到星期五。

重点:

continuation 持续


by the time + 句子

表示:

等到……的时候

例如:

By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished.

等你到的时候,我已经完成了。

重点:

到某件事情发生的时候


12. by 和 until 的经典对比

by

I have to finish this report by Friday.

我必须最迟星期五完成这份报告。

可能:

Monday ✓ Tuesday ✓ Wednesday ✓ Thursday ✓ Friday ✓

只要:

not later than Friday

就可以。


until

I’ll be working on this report until Friday.

我会一直处理这份报告到星期五

重点不是截止日期,而是:

工作这个动作持续到星期五


13. 常见错误

错误 1:把 by 当成“持续到”

❌ I’ll stay here by 5 o’clock.

如果你的意思是:

我会一直待在这里到 5 点。

应该说:

I’ll stay here until 5 o’clock.


错误 2:把 until 当成“最迟”

❌ Please finish the work until Friday.

如果你的意思是:

请最迟星期五完成。

应该说:

Please finish the work by Friday.


错误 3:未来时间从句使用 will

❌ By the time we will arrive, the film will have started.

正确:

By the time we arrive, the film will have started.


14. 最终思维模型

看到 by / until / by the time,可以这样判断:

① 是“截止时间”吗?

最迟什么时候?

使用:

by + 时间点

例如:

by Friday by 5 o’clock by tomorrow by next week by now


② 是“动作持续到什么时候”吗?

使用:

until / till + 时间点 / 句子

例如:

until Friday until 5 o’clock until tomorrow until it stops raining


③ 是“等到某件事情发生的时候”吗?

使用:

by the time + 主语 + 动词

例如:

by the time I arrive

by the time we get there

by the time you finish


15. 最核心公式

by + 时间点 = not later than = 最迟在……


until / till + 时间点 = continue up to that time = 一直持续到……


by the time + S + V = 等到……的时候 / 到……的时候


最简单的一组对比

I’ll finish my work by 5 o’clock. 我最迟 5 点完成工作。

I’ll work until 5 o’clock. 我会一直工作到 5 点

By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished my work. 等你到的时候,我已经完成工作了。

这三个句子基本就可以概括 Unit 120 的核心区别。