Appearance
Unit 68 — -ing clauses
He hurt his knee playing football.
A. -ing 从句：两个动作同时发生
1. 基本结构
先看这个例子：
Kate is in the kitchen. She’s making coffee.
Kate 在厨房里。她正在煮咖啡。
这两个句子可以合并：
Kate is in the kitchen making coffee.
Kate 在厨房里煮咖啡。
这里的：
making coffee
就是一个 -ing clause（-ing 从句 / -ing 分句）。
可以理解为：
Kate is in the kitchen and she is making coffee.
2. 两件事情同时发生：主句 + -ing
当两个动作同时发生时，可以把其中一个动作变成：
结构：
主句 + V-ing
例如：
A man ran out of the house shouting.
一个男人大喊着跑出了房子。
完整理解：
A man ran out of the house and he was shouting.
两个动作同时发生：
- ran out of the house
- was shouting
所以可以简化成：
A man ran out of the house shouting.
再例如：
Do something! Don’t just stand there doing nothing!
做点什么！别只是站在那里什么也不做！
这里：
- stand there
- do nothing
两个状态同时发生。
再例如：
Be careful crossing the road.
过马路时要小心。
可以理解成：
Be careful when you are crossing the road.
3. 一个动作发生在另一个动作过程中
我们也可以使用 -ing 表示：
一个动作发生在另一个动作进行的过程中。
例如：
Joe hurt his knee playing football.
Joe 踢足球的时候伤了膝盖。
完整理解：
Joe hurt his knee while he was playing football.
动作关系：
- Joe 正在踢足球。
- 在踢足球的过程中，他伤了膝盖。
所以：
Joe hurt his knee playing football.
另一个例子：
Did you cut yourself shaving?
你刮胡子的时候割伤自己了吗？
完整形式：
Did you cut yourself while you were shaving?
4. while doing
也可以明确使用：
while + V-ing
表示：
在做……的时候
例如：
Joe hurt his knee while playing football.
Joe 踢足球的时候伤了膝盖。
相当于：
Joe hurt his knee while he was playing football.
所以：
while + 主语 + be + V-ing
在主语相同的情况下，经常可以简化为：
while + V-ing
5. when doing
同样可以使用：
when + V-ing
例如：
Be careful when crossing the road.
过马路的时候要小心。
相当于：
Be careful when you are crossing the road.
6. A 部分核心结构
| 结构 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 主句 + V-ing | 两个动作同时发生 | He ran out shouting. |
| 主句 + V-ing | 一个动作发生在另一个动作过程中 | He hurt his knee playing football. |
| while + V-ing | 在做……的时候 | While driving, I listened to music. |
| when + V-ing | 当做……的时候 | Be careful when driving. |
7. 重要条件：两个动作的执行者通常相同
例如：
Joe hurt his knee playing football.
这里：
- hurt his knee → Joe
- playing football → Joe
两个动作都是 Joe 做的。
再例如：
I hurt my hand cooking dinner.
我做晚饭的时候伤到了手。
这里也是：
- I hurt my hand
- I was cooking dinner
主语都是 I。
B. having done：一个动作先完成
8. 一个动作发生在另一个动作之前
如果一个动作已经完成，然后才发生另一个动作，可以使用：
having + 过去分词
也就是：
having done
结构：
Having + past participle, 主句
例如：
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to eat.
找到酒店以后，我们去找地方吃饭。
动作顺序：
found a hotel
↓
looked for somewhere to eat
也就是：
先找到酒店 → 然后找地方吃饭
9. Having finished
Having finished her work, she went home.
完成工作以后，她回家了。
动作顺序：
finished her work
↓
went home
所以：
having done
强调：
第一个动作已经完成，然后发生第二个动作。
10. having done 的思维模型
可以理解成：
Having done A, B happened.
时间关系：
A 完成
↓
B 发生
例如：
Having eaten dinner, I went for a walk.
吃完晚饭以后，我去散步了。
也就是：
First, I ate dinner.
Then, I went for a walk.
11. after + -ing
也可以使用：
after + V-ing
表达相同的先后关系。
例如：
After finishing her work, she went home.
完成工作以后，她回家了。
和：
Having finished her work, she went home.
基本表达相同的时间关系。
12. Having done 和 After doing
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| Having done A, B | 做完 A 后，做 B |
| After doing A, B | 做完 A 后，做 B |
例如：
Having finished dinner, we went out.
≈
After finishing dinner, we went out.
吃完饭以后，我们出去了。
13. 这种结构更常见于书面英语
课本特别提醒：
These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.
也就是说：
Having finished …
After finishing …
这种句首结构在书面英语中比日常口语更加常见。
日常口语里我们可能直接说：
After I finished my work, I went home.
或者：
I finished my work and then went home.
会更加自然直接。
14. 句首使用 having done / after doing 时要加逗号
如果句子以：
Having done …
或者：
After doing …
开始，后面通常使用逗号 ,。
例如：
Having finished her work, she went home.
结构：
Having finished her work, + she went home.
C. -ing 从句表示原因
15. -ing 不仅可以表示时间，还可以解释原因
我们还可以使用 -ing clause：
- 解释某件事情
- 说明某人为什么做某事
这种情况下，句子通常以：
V-ing, …
开始。
16. Feeling tired
例如：
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
因为觉得累，我很早就睡觉了。
这里：
Feeling tired
实际上表示：
because I felt tired
所以完整理解：
Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.
17. 原因关系
结构：
V-ing, 主句
有时候可以理解成：
Because + 主语 + 动词, 主句
例如：
Feeling sick, I stayed at home.
因为感觉不舒服，我待在家里。
≈
Because I felt sick, I stayed at home.
18. Being + adjective / noun
例如：
Being unemployed, he doesn’t have much money.
因为他失业了，所以他没有多少钱。
相当于：
Because he is unemployed, he doesn’t have much money.
这里：
Being unemployed
表示：
因为处于失业状态
19. Not having
- ing 从句也可以使用否定形式：
not + V-ing
例如：
Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around.
因为没有车，她觉得出行很困难。
相当于：
Because she doesn’t have a car, she finds it difficult to get around.
结构：
Not + V-ing, 主句
20. 否定 -ing 从句
例如：
Not knowing the answer, I didn’t say anything.
因为不知道答案，所以我什么也没说。
相当于：
Because I didn’t know the answer, I didn’t say anything.
再例如：
Not feeling well, I stayed at home.
因为感觉不舒服，我待在家里。
21. having done 也可以表示原因
如果作为原因的事情在主句动作之前已经完成，可以使用：
having + 过去分词
例如：
Having seen the film twice, I didn’t want to see it again.
因为这部电影我已经看过两遍了，所以我不想再看了。
相当于：
Because I had seen it twice, I didn’t want to see it again.
22. 为什么这里用 having seen？
两个动作有明显的先后关系：
saw the film twice
↓
已经发生
↓
didn’t want to see it again
因此：
Having seen the film twice, …
强调“已经看过两次”发生在“不想再看”之前。
23. V-ing 和 having done 的时间区别
这是本单元最重要的区别之一。
V-ing
通常表示：
同时发生 / 当时的状态 / 原因
例如：
Feeling tired, I went home.
当时觉得累，所以回家了。
having done
强调：
某件事情已经先完成
例如：
Having finished my work, I went home.
先完成工作，然后回家。
时间关系：
V-ing：
A ━━━━━━━━━━━━━
↑ B 发生
表示两个事情存在同时或重叠关系。
Having done：
A 完成 → B 发生
表示有明显的先后关系。
24. 句首 -ing 从句后使用逗号
当句子以这些结构开始：
Feeling tired, …
Not knowing …,
Having seen …,
后面通常写逗号。
例如：
Not knowing what to do, I called my friend to ask her advice.
因为不知道该怎么办，我打电话给朋友寻求建议。
25. 三种核心功能
本单元的 -ing clause 可以归纳成三个主要功能。
① 同时发生
A man ran out of the house shouting.
他一边喊，一边跑出房子。
可以理解为：
while he was shouting
② 一个动作发生在另一个动作过程中
Joe hurt his knee playing football.
Joe 踢足球时伤了膝盖。
可以理解为：
while he was playing football
③ 表示原因
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
因为累了，所以我早早睡觉了。
可以理解为：
because I felt tired
26. having done 的核心功能
如果需要强调：
A 已经完成 → 然后 B
使用：
having + past participle
例如：
Having finished my work, I went home.
完成工作后，我回家了。
可以理解为：
After I had finished my work, I went home.
27. -ing clause 和完整从句的转换
| 简化结构 | 完整结构 |
|---|---|
| Kate is in the kitchen making coffee. | Kate is in the kitchen and she is making coffee. |
| Joe hurt his knee playing football. | Joe hurt his knee while he was playing football. |
| Be careful when crossing the road. | Be careful when you are crossing the road. |
| Feeling tired, I went to bed. | Because I felt tired, I went to bed. |
| Being unemployed, he doesn’t have much money. | Because he is unemployed, he doesn’t have much money. |
| Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. | Because she doesn’t have a car, she finds it difficult to get around. |
| Having seen the film twice, I didn’t want to see it again. | Because I had seen the film twice, I didn’t want to see it again. |
28. 最重要的主语规则
使用这种 -ing clause 时：
- ing 动作的逻辑主语通常必须和主句主语一致。
例如：
Feeling tired, I went to bed.
谁感觉累？
I
谁去睡觉？
I
所以正确。
再例如：
Having finished her work, she went home.
谁完成工作？
she
谁回家？
she
也是同一个人。
29. 错误示例
例如：
❌ Walking to work, the rain started.
这个句子从语法结构上看，会产生一个奇怪的意思：
“雨正在走路去上班。”
因为：
Walking to work
逻辑主语应该与后面的主语：
the rain
一致。
显然不合理。
应该改成：
While I was walking to work, it started to rain.
我走路去上班的时候，开始下雨了。
或者：
Walking to work, I got caught in the rain.
我走路上班的时候遇到了下雨。
这里：
- walking → I
- got caught → I
逻辑主语一致。
30. 日常口语中怎么理解
虽然课本把它叫：
- ing clause
但在实际理解时，不需要每次分析复杂语法。
看到：
主句 + V-ing
首先尝试理解成：
一边……一边……
或者：
在……的时候
例如：
He walked home singing.
他唱着歌走回家。
She sat on the sofa watching TV.
她坐在沙发上看电视。
I hurt my hand cooking dinner.
我做饭的时候伤到了手。
31. 句首 V-ing 怎么理解
看到：
V-ing, 主句
可以优先考虑：
因为……
或者：
当……的时候
具体需要根据语境判断。
例如：
Feeling tired, I went home.
最自然：
因为累了，我回家了。
再例如：
Walking home, I saw an accident.
最自然：
走路回家的时候，我看到了一起事故。
所以：
V-ing 本身并不固定等于 because 或 while。
真正的逻辑关系要根据上下文判断。
32. Unit 68 核心结构表
| 结构 | 核心意思 | 完整形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 主句 + V-ing | 同时发生 | and / while |
| 主句 + V-ing | 在某动作过程中 | while |
| while + V-ing | 在……的时候 | while + 主语 + be |
| when + V-ing | 当……的时候 | when + 主语 + be |
| V-ing, 主句 | 原因 / 时间背景 | because / while |
| Not + V-ing, 主句 | 因为不…… | because … not |
| Having + done, 主句 | 完成 A 后再 B | after / because + had done |
| After + V-ing, 主句 | 做完 A 后 | after + clause |
33. 最终思维模型
情况一：两个动作同时发生
He ran out shouting.
思维：
ran out
＋
was shouting
↓
同时发生
↓
ran out shouting
情况二：在做 A 时发生 B
He hurt his knee playing football.
思维：
PLAYING FOOTBALL
↓
在这个过程中
↓
HURT HIS KNEE
也就是：
while playing football
情况三：A 是 B 的原因
Feeling tired, I went to bed.
思维：
FEEL TIRED
↓
because
↓
GO TO BED
所以：
Feeling tired, I went to bed.
情况四：A 完成以后发生 B
Having finished my work, I went home.
思维：
FINISH WORK
↓
completed
↓
GO HOME
所以：
having done = 先完成
34. 一句话记住 Unit 68
doing
doing → 两个动作同时发生 / 做某事的时候 / 因为某种状态
例如：
He hurt his knee playing football.
having done
having done → 一个动作已经完成，然后发生另一个动作
例如：
Having finished his work, he went home.
最核心的时间关系：
doing → 同时 / 重叠
having done → 先完成，再发生
同时一定要记住：
- ing clause 的逻辑主语通常必须和主句主语一致。