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Unit 33 — should 1

1. 核心概念

这一单元主要讲:

  • should do
  • shouldn’t do
  • should be doing
  • should have done
  • shouldn’t have done
  • should 表示建议、判断、预期
  • should 和 must / have to 的强度区别

核心:

should = 应该 / 最好 / 按理说


A. should:建议和意见

2. should do = 做某事是好的 / 正确的

You should do something = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do.

也就是:

做这件事比较好、比较合适、比较正确。

结构:

should + 动词原形


3. Example — You should go to bed

You look tired. You should go to bed.

你看起来很累。

你应该去睡觉。

这里:

should go

表示:

这是一个合理建议。


4. Example — The government should do more

The government should do more to improve schools.

政府应该做更多事情来改善学校。

这里:

should

表达:

说话者的意见 / 看法。


5. Should we...?

should 也可以用于:

询问什么做法比较合适

例如:

A: Should we invite Stephanie to the party? B: Yes, I think we should.

A:我们应该邀请 Stephanie 来参加聚会吗?

B:是的,我觉得应该。

结构:

Should + 主语 + 动词原形?


6. should be doing

如果建议涉及:

现在正在进行的动作

可以使用:

should be + V-ing

例如:

The man on the motorbike should be wearing a helmet.

那个骑摩托车的人应该戴着头盔。

这里:

他现在正在骑摩托车

所以:

现在这个过程中,他本来应该戴着头盔。


7. should be doing 的结构

should + be + V-ing

例如:

You should be studying now.

你现在应该在学习。

He should be wearing a seat belt.

他现在应该系着安全带。


8. shouldn’t do = 最好不要做

You shouldn’t do something = it isn’t a good thing to do.

意思:

不应该做 / 最好不要做

例如:

You shouldn’t believe everything you read in newspapers.

你不应该相信报纸上看到的所有内容。

注意:

shouldn’t ≠ mustn’t

shouldn’t 是:

建议不要做

mustn’t 是:

禁止做


9. should vs shouldn’t

结构核心意思
should do应该做 / 最好做
shouldn’t do不应该做 / 最好别做

例如:

You should exercise more.

你应该多运动。

You shouldn’t stay up so late.

你不应该熬夜这么晚。


10. should 常和 I think 搭配

我们经常说:

I think + 主语 + should ...

表示:

我觉得……应该……

例如:

I think the government should do more to improve schools.

我认为政府应该做更多事情改善学校。


11. I don’t think ... should

也经常说:

I don’t think + 主语 + should ...

例如:

I don’t think you should work so hard.

我觉得你不应该这么拼命工作。

英语通常更自然地把否定放在:

I don’t think

而不是说:

I think you shouldn’t...

两种都可能出现,但:

I don’t think you should...

非常常见。


12. Do you think I should...?

询问别人意见:

Do you think I should + 动词原形?

例如:

Do you think I should apply for this job?

你觉得我应该申请这份工作吗?

回答:

Yes, I think you should.

是的,我觉得你应该。


13. should 常见意见结构

结构Example
I think ... shouldI think you should go.
I don’t think ... shouldI don’t think you should go.
Do you think ... should?Do you think I should go?

14. should 没有 must / have to 那么强

图片中特别强调:

Should is not as strong as must or have to.

也就是:

should = 建议

而:

must / have to = 必须


15. Example — apologise

You should apologise.

你应该道歉。

意思:

这是一个好的做法。

但是你仍然:

有选择。


You must apologise.

或者:

You have to apologise.

你必须道歉。

意思:

几乎没有选择。


16. should vs must / have to

shouldmust / have to
应该必须
adviceobligation
建议义务 / 必要
可以不听通常必须做
softerstronger

核心:

should = it would be a good thing to do

must / have to = you have no alternative


B. should:按理说 / 预期

17. should 也可以表示“按理说应该如此”

这一类 should 不是建议。

而是在表达:

根据正常情况,我预期事情应该如此。

核心:

should = expected situation


18. Example — She should be here by now

Where’s Tina? She should be here by now.

Tina 在哪儿?

她现在按理说应该已经到了。

这里不是:

建议 Tina 来。

而是:

按照正常情况,她现在应该在这里。


19. should be = 按理应该是

例如:

The price on this packet is wrong. It should be £2.50, not £3.50.

这个包装上的价格错了。

按理应该是 2.50 英镑,不是 3.50。

这里:

should be

表示:

正确 / 正常情况下应该如此。


20. should 表示预期未来结果

图片中还有:

We also use should to say that we expect something to happen.

即:

根据现有情况,我们预期某事会发生。


21. Example — She should pass

Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass.

Helen 一直很努力准备考试,所以她应该会通过。

这里:

should pass

不是:

“她应该去通过考试”这种建议。

而是:

根据她的准备情况,我预计她会通过。


22. Example — It shouldn’t be hard

There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be hard to find a place to stay.

镇上有很多酒店。

找地方住应该不会太难。

这里:

shouldn’t be hard

表示:

我预计不会很难。


23. should 的两种核心用法

用法核心问题Example
建议什么做法比较好?You should rest.
预期按理说会怎么样?She should be here.

这两个意思虽然不同,但都有:

“正常 / 合理情况下应该如此”

这种感觉。


24. 建议 should vs 预期 should

建议

You should go to bed.

你应该去睡觉。

重点:

你最好这么做。


预期

The train should arrive at 8.

火车按理应该 8 点到。

重点:

我预计它会如此。


C. should have done

25. should have done 的核心含义

You should have done something = you didn’t do it, but it would have been a good thing to do.

意思:

过去本来应该做,但实际上没有做。

结构:

should have + 过去分词


26. Example — You should have come

You missed a great party last night. You should have come. Why didn’t you?

你错过了昨晚一个很棒的聚会。

你本来应该来的,为什么没来?

真实情况:

你没有来。

说话者现在回头评价:

来参加聚会本来是更好的选择。


27. 时间关系

You should have come.

时间轴:

PAST                         NOW
  │                           │
  ✕ did not come              │
  ↑                           │
should have come              │
  │                           │
  └──── now looking back ─────┘

核心:

PAST + DIDN’T DO + BETTER IF YOU HAD


28. Example — They should have been here

I wonder why they’re so late. They should have been here long ago.

我不知道他们为什么这么晚。

按理说他们早就应该到了。

这里:

should have been

表示:

根据预期,他们本来早就应该处于“在这里”的状态。

这类句子不一定带责备。

也可以只是:

对过去预期没有实现的判断。


29. should have done 的两种感觉

① 后悔 / 批评 / 建议过去应该做

You should have called me.

你本来应该给我打电话。

实际:

没打。


② 过去按理应该发生

The train should have arrived by now.

火车按理说早该到了。

重点:

预期没有实现。


30. shouldn’t have done

You shouldn’t have done something = you did it, but it wasn’t a good thing to do.

意思:

过去做了,但其实不应该做。

结构:

shouldn’t have + 过去分词


31. Example — I shouldn’t have eaten so much

I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.

我现在感觉不舒服。

我刚才真不该吃那么多。

真实情况:

I ate too much.

但是现在评价:

这是一个错误 / 不好的选择。


32. Example — She shouldn’t have been listening

She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.

她当时不应该偷听我们的谈话。

因为:

那是私人谈话。

这里:

shouldn’t have been + V-ing

表示:

过去某个时候确实正在做某件不该做的事。


33. shouldn’t have been doing

结构:

shouldn’t + have + been + V-ing

例如:

You shouldn’t have been driving so fast.

你当时不应该开那么快。

实际:

你确实开得很快。


34. should have done vs shouldn’t have done

结构实际情况中文
should have done没做本来应该做
shouldn’t have done做了本来不应该做

这是这一单元最重要的区别之一。


35. 直观对比

should have done

You should have called me.

真实情况:

❌ 没打电话

正确选择本来是:

✅ 打电话


shouldn’t have done

You shouldn’t have called him.

真实情况:

✅ 已经打了

正确选择本来是:

❌ 不应该打


36. should do vs should have done

图片中的核心对比:

You look tired. You should go to bed now.

你看起来很累。

你现在应该去睡觉。

这里:

现在还有机会做。


You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.

你昨晚睡得很晚。

你本来应该早点睡。

这里:

机会已经过去。


37. should do vs should have done

should doshould have done
现在 / 未来应该做过去本来应该做
还有机会做已经来不及
advice nowhindsight about past
You should go.You should have gone.

38. 时间轴对比

should do

You should go to bed.

NOW ─────────────────────▶ FUTURE
  │
  ▼

should go

意思:

现在开始这么做比较好。


should have done

You should have gone to bed earlier.

PAST                         NOW
  │                           │
  ✕ didn't go early           │
  ↑                           │

should have gone │

意思:

过去本来应该这么做,但机会已经过去。


39. should be doing vs should have been doing

should be doing

You should be studying now.

你现在应该在学习。

时间:

NOW


should have been doing

You should have been studying when I called.

我打电话的时候,你当时应该在学习。

时间:

PAST


40. should 系列完整结构

时间 / 状态结构Example
现在/未来建议should + doYou should go.
现在不建议shouldn’t + doYou shouldn’t go.
现在应该正在should + be doingYou should be working.
过去本应做should have + doneYou should have gone.
过去本不应做shouldn’t have + doneYou shouldn’t have gone.
过去本应正在should have been + doingYou should have been working.
过去本不应正在shouldn’t have been + doingYou shouldn’t have been listening.

41. 图片中的全部例句

A — 建议 / 意见

Example中文
You should go to bed.你应该去睡觉。
The government should do more.政府应该做更多。
Should we invite Stephanie?我们应该邀请 Stephanie 吗?
Yes, I think we should.我觉得应该。
He should be wearing a helmet.他应该戴着头盔。
You shouldn’t believe everything you read.不应该全信报纸。
I think the government should do more.我觉得政府应该做更多。
I don’t think you should work so hard.我觉得你不应该这么拼命。
Do you think I should apply?你觉得我应该申请吗?

B — 正常预期

Example中文
She should be here by now.她按理现在应该到了。
It should be £2.50.正确价格应该是 £2.50。
She should pass.她应该会通过。
It shouldn’t be hard.应该不会很难。

C — 过去本应该 / 本不应该

Example中文
You should have come.你本来应该来的。
They should have been here long ago.他们早就应该到了。
I shouldn’t have eaten so much.我真不该吃那么多。
She shouldn’t have been listening.她当时不应该偷听。
You should go to bed now.你现在应该去睡。
You should have gone to bed earlier.你昨晚本来应该早点睡。

42. should 和 must / have to 的关系

可以这样理解强度:

表达强度中文感觉
should较弱应该 / 最好
must必须
have to不得不 / 必须

例如:

You should leave now.

你最好现在走。

还有选择。


You must leave now.

你必须现在走。

几乎没有选择。


43. should 与 must 的母语感觉

should

“在我看来,这是比较好的选择。”

它保留:

选择空间。


must

“这件事是必须的。”

它几乎没有:

选择空间。


44. should 表示预期时的思维

这种 should 可以理解为:

NORMAL EXPECTATION

例如:

She should be home by now.

逻辑:

normal schedule
      ↓

expected arrival time ↓ she should be home

但:

我并不是百分之百知道。

所以 should 有一种:

“按理说……”

的感觉。


45. should / may / must:推测强度

在“判断 / 预期”语境中,可以粗略理解:

表达感觉
must我几乎确定
should按正常情况应该如此
may / might有可能
can’t我认为不可能

例如:

He must be home.

他一定在家。

He should be home.

按理说他应该在家。

He might be home.

他可能在家。


46. 最重要的判断方法

先问:

should 是在“给建议”,还是在“说预期”?

如果是:

给建议

You should go.

意思:

这么做比较好。


如果是:

预期

He should arrive soon.

意思:

按正常情况,他应该很快到。


然后问:

事情发生在现在/未来,还是过去?

现在 / 未来:

should do

过去:

should have done


47. 四个最核心结构

结构核心意思
should do应该做
shouldn’t do不应该做
should have done本来应该做,但没做
shouldn’t have done本来不应该做,但做了

48. 一个非常直观的四格模型

应该不应该
现在/未来should doshouldn’t do
过去should have doneshouldn’t have done

例如:

情况Sentence
现在应该早点睡You should go to bed.
现在不该喝那么多You shouldn’t drink so much.
昨晚本该早点睡You should have gone to bed earlier.
昨晚本不该喝那么多You shouldn’t have drunk so much.

49. 最终思维模型

SHOULD DO

NOW / FUTURE
     │
     ▼
GOOD / RIGHT
     │
     ▼
    DO IT

现在/未来这么做比较好。


SHOULD HAVE DONE

PAST                         NOW
  │                           │
  ✕ didn't do                 │
  ↑                           │

better choice │

过去本来这么做更好,但没有做。


SHOULDN’T HAVE DONE

PAST                         NOW
  │                           │
  ● did it                     │
  ↑                           │

bad choice │

过去已经做了,但现在看这是不好的选择。


一句话记忆

should do

现在 / 以后“这样做比较好”。

shouldn’t do

现在 / 以后“最好别这样做”。

should have done

过去“本来应该这样做”,但没做。

shouldn’t have done

过去“本来不应该这样做”,但已经做了。

另外:

should = 建议时:最好

should = 预期时:按理说

最核心区别:

should do → 机会还在

should have done → 机会已经过去