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Unit 51 — Auxiliary verbs
have / do / can etc.
I think so / I hope so etc.
A. Auxiliary verbs
1. Auxiliary verb + main verb
在下面这些句子中,都有:
auxiliary verb(助动词)
和:
main verb(主要动词)
| Subject | Auxiliary | Main verb | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | have | lost | my keys. |
| She | can’t | come | to the party. |
| The hotel | was | built | ten years ago. |
| Why | do you | want | to go home? |
在这些例子中:
have / can’t / was / do
都是:
auxiliary (= helping) verbs
也就是:
助动词
2. 用助动词避免重复
当我们不想重复前面已经说过的内容时,可以只使用助动词。
例如:
“Have you locked the door?” “Yes, I have.”
这里:
I have
完整意思是:
I have locked the door.
但因为:
locked the door
前面已经出现过,所以不需要再重复。
3. was 代替 was working
Gary wasn’t working, but Laura was.
Gary 当时没有工作,但 Laura 在工作。
这里:
Laura was
完整意思是:
Laura was working.
所以:
was
代替了:
was working
4. won’t 代替 won’t lend me the money
Jessica could lend me the money, but she won’t.
Jessica 可以把钱借给我,但她不愿意。
这里:
she won’t
完整意思是:
she won’t lend me the money.
5. do / does / did 用于一般现在时和一般过去时
对于:
present simple
和:
past simple
如果不想重复主要动词,我们使用:
do / does / did
Present simple
“Do you like onions?” “Yes, I do.”
完整意思:
Yes, I like onions.
这里:
do = like onions
Present / Past 对比
“Does Simon live in London?” “He did, but he doesn’t any more.”
意思:
He did live in London, but he doesn’t live there any more.
也就是:
Simon 以前住在伦敦,但现在不住了。
6. 用助动词否定别人说的话
我们也可以使用助动词:
to deny what somebody says
也就是:
否认别人说的话。
Example 1
“You’re sitting in my place.” “No, I’m not.”
“你坐在我的位置上。”
“不,我没有。”
完整意思:
I’m not sitting in your place.
Example 2
“You didn’t lock the door before you left.” “Yes, I did.”
“你离开之前没有锁门。”
“不,我锁了。”
这里:
Yes, I did.
意思是:
I locked the door.
7. A 部分核心规律
如果主要内容已经说过,可以只保留:
助动词
例如:
| 完整表达 | 简短表达 |
|---|---|
| I have locked the door. | I have. |
| Laura was working. | Laura was. |
| She won’t lend me the money. | She won’t. |
| I like onions. | I do. |
| I locked the door. | I did. |
核心:
auxiliary verb 可以代替前面已经出现过的 verb phrase。
B. have you? / isn’t she? / are they? etc.
8. 用短问句表示兴趣或惊讶
我们经常使用:
have you?
isn’t she?
did it?
are they?
这类简短问句来表示:
- 对别人说的话感兴趣
- 惊讶
- 想继续听更多信息
9. have you?
“I’ve just seen Steven.” “Oh, have you? How is he?”
“我刚刚见到 Steven 了。”
“哦,是吗?他怎么样?”
这里:
have you?
并不是在重新完整提问。
它的作用更像:
“是吗?”
10. isn’t she?
“Lisa isn’t very well today.” “Isn’t she? What’s wrong with her?”
“Lisa 今天身体不太舒服。”
“是吗?她怎么了?”
11. Did it?
“It rained every day during our holiday.” “Did it? What a shame!”
“我们度假的时候每天都下雨。”
“是吗?真可惜!”
这里:
did
对应前面的:
rained
12. Are they?
“James and Tanya are getting married.” “Are they? Really?”
“James 和 Tanya 要结婚了。”
“真的吗?”
13. 如何选择这种短问句中的助动词
要根据前一句使用的:
时态 / 助动词
来选择。
例如:
I have finished.
回应:
Have you?
She is working.
回应:
Is she?
They are leaving.
回应:
Are they?
He went home.
Past Simple 没有显式助动词,所以使用:
Did he?
C. so and neither
14. 用 so 表示“我也是”
如果对方说的是:
肯定句
而你想表达:
“我也是”
可以使用:
So + auxiliary verb + subject
15. So am I
“I’m tired.” “So am I.”
“我累了。”
“我也是。”
完整意思:
I’m tired too.
结构:
So + am + I
注意:
助动词放在主语前面。
16. neither 表示“我也不”
如果对方说的是:
否定句
而你也有相同情况,可以使用:
Neither + auxiliary verb + subject
例如:
“I never read newspapers.” “Neither do I.”
“我从来不看报纸。”
“我也不看。”
完整意思:
I never read newspapers either.
17. neither can Mark
Sarah can’t drive and neither can Mark.
Sarah 不会开车,Mark 也不会。
结构:
neither + auxiliary + subject
这里:
Sarah can’t drive.
所以使用:
neither can Mark.
18. so / neither 的语序
非常重要:
在 so 和 neither 后面,助动词放在主语前面。
结构:
so + auxiliary + subject
neither + auxiliary + subject
例如:
I passed the exam and so did Paul.
我通过了考试,Paul 也通过了。
不是:
❌ so Paul did
19. so 的常见结构
| 原句 | “我也是” |
|---|---|
| I’m tired. | So am I. |
| I can swim. | So can I. |
| I have finished. | So have I. |
| I like coffee. | So do I. |
| I went there. | So did I. |
20. neither 的常见结构
| 原句 | “我也不” |
|---|---|
| I’m not tired. | Neither am I. |
| I can’t swim. | Neither can I. |
| I haven’t finished. | Neither have I. |
| I don’t like coffee. | Neither do I. |
| I didn’t go. | Neither did I. |
21. nor 也可以代替 neither
除了:
neither
也可以使用:
nor
例如:
“I don’t know.” “Neither do I.”
或者:
“Nor do I.”
意思都是:
我也不知道。
22. not ... either
还可以不用 neither / nor,而使用:
not ... either
例如:
“I don’t know.”
回答:
“I don’t either.”
意思:
我也不知道。
所以:
| 表达 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| Neither do I. | 我也不 |
| Nor do I. | 我也不 |
| I don’t either. | 我也不 |
D. I think so / I suppose so etc.
23. so 可以代替整个句子
当我们不想重复前面已经出现过的内容时,可以使用:
I think so
I suppose so
I hope so
等。
这里的:
so
代替:
前面整个意思。
24. I think so
“Are those people Korean?” “I think so.”
“那些人是韩国人吗?”
“我想是的。”
这里:
I think so.
完整意思:
I think they are Korean.
25. I suppose so
“Is Kate working tomorrow?” “I suppose so.”
“Kate 明天上班吗?”
“我想应该是。”
完整意思:
I suppose she is working tomorrow.
26. I expect so
“Will you be at home this evening?” “I expect so.”
“你今晚会在家吗?”
“我想应该会。”
完整意思:
I expect I’ll be at home.
27. 其他常见表达
同样可以说:
I hope so.
我希望如此。
I guess so.
我想是吧。
I’m afraid so.
恐怕是这样。
28. 常见的 so 表达
| 表达 | 大致意思 |
|---|---|
| I think so. | 我想是的 |
| I suppose so. | 我想应该是 |
| I expect so. | 我预计是这样 |
| I hope so. | 我希望如此 |
| I guess so. | 我想是吧 |
| I’m afraid so. | 恐怕是这样 |
29. 否定形式
这些表达的否定形式并不完全一样。
I think so → I don’t think so
肯定:
I think so.
否定:
I don’t think so.
不是通常说:
❌ I think not.
I expect so → I don’t expect so
肯定:
I expect so.
否定:
I don’t expect so.
I hope so → I hope not
肯定:
I hope so.
否定:
I hope not.
注意不是:
❌ I don’t hope so.
I’m afraid so → I’m afraid not
肯定:
I’m afraid so.
否定:
I’m afraid not.
I guess so → I guess not
肯定:
I guess so.
否定:
I guess not.
I suppose so → I suppose not
肯定:
I suppose so.
否定:
I suppose not.
30. 肯定和否定形式对照
| 肯定 | 否定 |
|---|---|
| I think so. | I don’t think so. |
| I expect so. | I don’t expect so. |
| I hope so. | I hope not. |
| I’m afraid so. | I’m afraid not. |
| I guess so. | I guess not. |
| I suppose so. | I suppose not. |
31. Example — Is that woman American?
“Is that woman American?”
可以回答:
I think so.
我想是的。
或者:
I don’t think so.
我想不是。
32. Example — Do you think it will rain?
“Do you think it will rain?”
可以回答:
I hope so.
我希望会下雨。
或者:
I hope not.
我希望不会。
注意:
I hope not
不是:
❌ I don’t hope so.
33. Auxiliary verb 的核心作用
助动词除了帮助构成:
- 时态
- 疑问句
- 否定句
- 被动语态
之外,
还可以用来:
避免重复前面已经出现的信息。
例如:
“Have you finished?” “Yes, I have.”
这里:
have = have finished
34. do / does / did 作为替代动词
当原句是:
Present Simple / Past Simple
没有其他助动词时,
使用:
do / does / did
代替前面的主要动词。
例如:
“Do you like coffee?” “Yes, I do.”
这里:
do = like coffee
“Did Tom call?” “Yes, he did.”
这里:
did = called
35. 选择哪个 auxiliary verb?
原则:
前面用什么助动词,后面通常继续使用什么助动词。
例如:
She can swim.
↓
So can I.
He has finished.
↓
So have I.
They are working.
↓
So are we.
如果原句没有助动词:
一般现在时使用 do / does
一般过去时使用 did
36. 简短回应
Present Simple
“I like this song.”
回应:
“So do I.”
Past Simple
“I enjoyed the film.”
回应:
“So did I.”
be
“I’m hungry.”
回应:
“So am I.”
can
“I can speak English.”
回应:
“So can I.”
have
“I’ve finished.”
回应:
“So have I.”
37. so 和 too
下面两句话意思相同:
I’m tired too.
So am I.
区别主要在结构。
too
结构:
subject + verb + too
例如:
I’m tired too.
so
结构:
so + auxiliary + subject
例如:
So am I.
38. neither 和 either
下面两句话意思相同:
I don’t like it either.
Neither do I.
区别:
either
通常放在否定句末尾:
I don’t like it either.
neither
放在句首:
Neither do I.
39. have you? / did she? 这种结构
这种结构并不是完整的:
question tag
而是:
短回应式问句
例如:
“I saw Tom yesterday.”
“Did you?”
意思:
“是吗?”
再例如:
“She has bought a new car.”
“Has she?”
意思:
“真的吗?”
40. 短回应问句的构成
根据原句选择对应的助动词:
| Statement | Response |
|---|---|
| I’m tired. | Are you? |
| She is ill. | Is she? |
| They are leaving. | Are they? |
| I’ve finished. | Have you? |
| He can swim. | Can he? |
| It rained. | Did it? |
41. so / neither 的核心语序
一定记住:
verb before subject
也就是:
助动词在主语前。
例如:
So am I.
不是:
❌ So I am.
Neither do I.
不是:
❌ Neither I do.
So did Paul.
不是:
❌ So Paul did.
42. I think so 中的 so 是什么?
这里的:
so
不是“所以”的意思。
它代替的是:
前面完整的句子内容。
例如:
“Are they Korean?”
“I think so.”
其中:
so = they are Korean
同样:
“Will it rain?”
“I hope so.”
这里:
so = it will rain
43. I hope not 中的 not
“Will it rain?”
如果你不希望下雨:
I hope not.
这里:
not
代替:
it will not rain
所以:
I hope not.
≈
I hope it will not rain.
44. 四个部分的关系
Unit 51 实际上讲了四种:
避免重复的方法。
A. 只保留助动词
Have you finished?
Yes, I have.
B. 用助动词做短回应
I’ve seen Steven.
Have you?
C. so / neither + 助动词
I’m tired.
So am I.
I don’t like coffee.
Neither do I.
D. so / not 代替整个句子
Is she coming?
I think so.
Will it rain?
I hope not.
45. Unit 51 结构总表
| 功能 | 结构 | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 避免重复 | auxiliary only | Yes, I have. |
| 表示兴趣/惊讶 | auxiliary + subject? | Have you? |
| 我也是 | so + auxiliary + subject | So am I. |
| 我也不 | neither + auxiliary + subject | Neither do I. |
| 我想是的 | think + so | I think so. |
| 我希望是 | hope + so | I hope so. |
| 我希望不是 | hope + not | I hope not. |
46. 最终思维模型
Auxiliary 替代重复内容
Have you locked the door?
↓
Yes, I have.
↓
have = have locked the door
表示兴趣 / 惊讶
I’ve just seen Steven.
↓
Have you?
意思:
“是吗?”
表示“我也是”
I’m tired.
↓
So am I.
结构:
so + auxiliary + subject
表示“我也不”
I never read newspapers.
↓
Neither do I.
结构:
neither + auxiliary + subject
so 替代整个句子
Are those people Korean?
↓
I think so.
其中:
so = they are Korean
47. Unit 51 最核心总结
Auxiliary verbs
常见:
be / have / do / can / will etc.
可以用来避免重复。
例如:
“Have you finished?” “Yes, I have.”
短回应
“I’ve seen Steven.” “Have you?”
“It rained every day.” “Did it?”
so
肯定“我也是”:
So + auxiliary + subject
例如:
So am I.
So do I.
So can I.
neither
否定“我也不”:
Neither + auxiliary + subject
例如:
Neither do I.
Neither can I.
I think so
使用:
so
代替前面的整个句子:
I think so.
I suppose so.
I hope so.
I guess so.
I’m afraid so.
常见否定形式
I don’t think so.
I don’t expect so.
I hope not.
I’m afraid not.
I guess not.
I suppose not.
一句话记忆 Unit 51
前面说过的内容不想重复,可以只留下助动词。
“我也是” → So + 助动词 + 主语
“我也不” → Neither + 助动词 + 主语
“我想是的” → I think so
“我希望不是” → I hope not