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Unit 65 — Adjective + to ...


A. hard to understand, interesting to talk to etc.

1. adjective + to do:某人 / 某物“做起来怎么样”

比较下面两个句子:

James doesn’t speak clearly.

James 说话不清楚。

因此可以说:

(a) It is hard to understand him.

很难听懂他。

或者:

(b) He is hard to understand.

他很难让人听懂。

这两个句子的意思相同。


2. 一个非常重要的结构变化

第一种:

It is hard to understand him.

结构:

It + be + adjective + to do + object

这里:

understand him

him 是 understand 的宾语。


第二种:

He is hard to understand.

结构:

subject + be + adjective + to do

这里的:

He

实际上就是 understand 的逻辑宾语。

所以不能再加 him

❌ He is hard to understand him.

正确:

He is hard to understand.


3. 核心思维

例如:

This book is easy to read.

不要理解成:

这本书很容易“去阅读”。

而应该理解成:

这本书读起来很容易。

逻辑关系其实是:

read this book

因此:

This book
    ↓
is easy
    ↓
to read
    ↓
这本书读起来很容易

4. 可以这样使用的形容词

Adjective中文
easy容易的
difficult困难的
nice好的 / 令人愉快的
good好的
safe安全的
dangerous危险的
cheap便宜的
expensive昂贵的
exciting令人兴奋的
interesting有趣的
impossible不可能的

5. safe to drink

Do you think it is safe to drink this water?

你认为喝这个水安全吗?

也可以说:

Do you think this water is safe to drink?

你认为这个水喝起来安全吗?

注意:

❌ Do you think this water is safe to drink it?

因为:

this water

已经是:

drink this water

中的逻辑宾语。

所以后面不能再出现 it


6. impossible to answer

The exam questions were very hard.

考试题非常难。

因此:

It was impossible to answer them.

这些题根本无法回答。

也可以说:

The exam questions were impossible to answer.

这些考试题根本无法回答。

不能说:

❌ The exam questions were impossible to answer them.


7. interesting to talk to

Nicola has lots of interesting ideas.

Nicola 有很多有趣的想法。

所以:

It’s interesting to talk to her.

和她聊天很有意思。

也可以说:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

Nicola 是一个聊起来很有趣的人。

注意这里必须保留:

to

因为:

talk to somebody

所以:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

不能说:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.

也不能说:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk to her.


8. adjective + noun + to do

这种结构还可以与:

adjective + noun

一起使用。

例如:

This is a difficult question to answer.

这是一个很难回答的问题。

这里:

answer the question

所以 question 已经是 answer 的逻辑宾语。

因此不能说:

❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.


9. A 部分核心结构

结构一

It + be + adjective + to do + object

例如:

It is difficult to understand him.


结构二

Subject + be + adjective + to do

例如:

He is difficult to understand.


结构三

adjective + noun + to do

例如:

a difficult question to answer


B. nice of (you) to ...

10. It is + adjective + of somebody + to do

我们可以说:

It’s nice of somebody to do something.

表示:

某人做某事,说明这个人怎么样。

例如:

It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much.

你送我去机场真是太好了。非常感谢。

这里评价的是:

you

这个人的行为。


11. 可以使用的形容词

Adjective中文
kind善良的
generous慷慨的
careless粗心的
silly愚蠢的
stupid愚蠢的
inconsiderate不体谅别人的
unfair不公平的
typical一贯如此的 / 典型的

12. silly of somebody to do

It’s silly of Ruth to give up her job when she needs the money.

Ruth 在需要钱的时候辞掉工作,这样做很傻。

这里:

silly

是在评价:

Ruth

做这件事情的行为。


13. unfair of somebody to do

I think it was unfair of him to criticise me.

我认为他批评我是不公平的。

结构:

It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do


14. 为什么这里使用 of?

因为这些形容词是在:

评价一个人的行为 / 品质

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.

You were kind to help me.

你的行为很友善。

所以:

somebody does something
          ↓
    评价这个人的行为
          ↓
It is + adjective
          +
    of somebody
          +
        to do

C. sorry to ... / surprised to ... etc.

15. adjective + to do:表达人的反应或感受

我们还可以使用:

adjective + to do

来说明某人对某件事情的:

reaction(反应 / 感受)

例如:

I’m sorry to hear that your mother isn’t well.

听说你妈妈身体不好,我很难过。

这里:

sorry

表示听到这件事情后的感受。


16. 常见形容词

Adjective中文
glad高兴的
pleased高兴的 / 满意的
relieved如释重负的
surprised惊讶的
amazed非常惊讶的
sad难过的
disappointed失望的

17. surprised to see

Was Julia surprised to see you?

Julia 看到你时感到惊讶吗?

结构:

somebody + be + feeling adjective + to do


18. glad to get home

It was a long and tiring journey.

这是一段漫长而疲惫的旅程。

We were glad to get home.

我们很高兴终于到家了。


19. 常见表达

I’m glad to see you.

见到你很高兴。

I’m sorry to hear that.

听到这个消息我很难过。

I was surprised to see him.

看到他我很惊讶。

We were relieved to hear the news.

听到这个消息我们松了一口气。

She was disappointed to lose the game.

输掉比赛她很失望。


D. the next / the last / the only / the first / the second + to do

20. 序数 / 顺序表达 + to do

我们可以在这些词后使用:

to + verb

包括:

the next

the last

the only

the first

the second

等等。


21. the next + noun + to do

The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Liverpool.

下一班到达 4 号站台的火车是 10:50 开往 Liverpool 的列车。

结构:

the next + noun + to do

表示:

下一个做某事的……


22. the only one to do

Everybody was late except me.

除了我,每个人都迟到了。

I was the only one to arrive on time.

我是唯一一个准时到达的人。

结构:

the only one + to do


23. the first to do

If I have any more news, you will be the first to know.

如果我有更多消息,你会是第一个知道的人。

这里:

the first to know

the first person to know


24. 常见结构

结构中文
the first to do第一个做……的人
the second to do第二个做……的人
the next to do下一个做……的人
the last to do最后一个做……的人
the only one to do唯一做……的人

例如:

She was the first to arrive.

她是第一个到达的人。

Tom was the last to leave.

Tom 是最后一个离开的人。

He was the only person to answer the question.

他是唯一回答这个问题的人。


E. sure / likely / bound to happen

25. be sure to do

可以说:

something / somebody + be sure to do

表示:

肯定会…… / 一定会……

例如:

She is sure to pass the exam.

她肯定会通过考试。


26. be bound to do

Carla is a very good student.

Carla 是一个非常优秀的学生。

所以:

She’s bound to pass the exam.

她肯定会通过考试。

图片中说明:

bound to pass

sure to pass


27. be likely to do

It’s possible I’ll win the lottery one day, but it’s not likely to happen.

我有可能有一天会中彩票,但这种事情不太可能发生。

这里:

be likely to do

表示:

很可能会……

而:

be not likely to do

表示:

不太可能会……


28. sure / likely / bound 的区别

结构核心意思程度
be likely to do很可能做……可能性较高
be sure to do肯定会做……很确定
be bound to do肯定 / 必然会做……非常确定

例如:

It’s likely to rain.

很可能会下雨。

It’s sure to rain.

肯定会下雨。

It’s bound to rain.

肯定 / 必然会下雨。


29. A 和 C 两种 adjective + to do 不要混淆

Unit 65 中最重要的是理解:

adjective + to do

实际上有不同的逻辑关系。


类型 1:某物“做起来怎么样”

This book is easy to read.

这本书读起来很容易。

逻辑:

read this book

这里 this book 是 read 的逻辑宾语。


类型 2:某人“做某事时感觉怎么样”

I’m glad to see you.

见到你我很高兴。

逻辑:

I see you

这里 I 是 see 的执行者。


30. 对比

He is hard to understand.

他很难让人理解。

这里:

understand him

所以 he 是逻辑宾语。


He is glad to understand the problem.

他很高兴理解了这个问题。

这里:

he understands the problem

所以 he 是动作执行者。


31. B 部分:评价“人”

如果你看到:

It is + adjective + of somebody + to do

通常是在:

评价这个人的行为

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.

你帮助我真是太好了。

核心:

YOU helped me
      ↓
这个行为怎么样?
      ↓
    KIND
      ↓
It was kind OF YOU to help me.

32. D 部分:表示顺序 / 身份

如果出现:

first / second / next / last / only

经常使用:

to do

例如:

He was the first to arrive.

他是第一个到达的人。

核心:

WHO?
  ↓
the first
  ↓
TO DO WHAT?
  ↓
to arrive

33. E 部分:表示事情发生的可能性

如果出现:

sure / likely / bound

可以使用:

be + adjective + to do

例如:

She is likely to win.

她很可能会赢。

She is sure to win.

她肯定会赢。

She is bound to win.

她必定会赢。


34. 最容易犯的错误

错误:

❌ He is hard to understand him.

正确:

He is hard to understand.

因为:

He = understand him 中的 him


错误:

❌ This book is easy to read it.

正确:

This book is easy to read.

因为:

This book = read this book 中的宾语


错误:

❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.

正确:

Nicola is interesting to talk to.

因为:

talk to somebody


错误:

❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.

正确:

This is a difficult question to answer.


错误:

❌ It was nice for you to help me.

当你是在评价对方“人很好”时:

It was nice of you to help me.


35. 一个重要判断:of somebody 还是 for somebody?

本单元主要学习:

It is adjective OF somebody to do

用于:

评价某个人的行为

例如:

It was careless of him to leave the door open.

他没关门,真粗心。

这里:

careless

是在评价:

him


而:

for somebody to do

通常不是评价这个人的品质,而是描述:

对某人来说做某事怎么样

例如:

It is difficult for me to understand this.

对我来说理解这个很困难。

所以:

结构核心
adjective + of somebody + to do评价这个人
adjective + for somebody + to do对这个人来说做某事怎么样

36. Unit 65 五大结构

① 某物做起来怎么样

subject + be + adjective + to do

例如:

This book is easy to read.


② 评价某人的行为

It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do

例如:

It was kind of you to help me.


③ 表达人的反应 / 感受

somebody + be + adjective + to do

例如:

I’m glad to see you.


④ 顺序 / 唯一性

the first / second / next / last / only + to do

例如:

He was the first to arrive.


⑤ 可能性 / 确定性

be sure / likely / bound + to do

例如:

She is likely to win.


37. 如何判断 adjective + to do 的逻辑主宾关系

这是这一单元非常值得掌握的地方。

看到:

Subject + be + adjective + to do

可以问自己:

Subject 是 do 的执行者,还是承受者?


承受者

This book is easy to read.

还原:

Someone reads this book.

所以:

this book = read 的宾语

中文通常翻译:

这本书读起来……


执行者

I’m glad to see you.

还原:

I see you.

所以:

I = see 的主语

中文通常翻译:

我做……感到……


38. 最终思维模型

ADJECTIVE + TO DO
        │
        ├── 某人/某物“做起来怎么样”?
        │
        │      This book is easy to read.
        │      He is hard to understand.
        │
        │      → 主语是 to do 的逻辑宾语
        │
        ├── 评价某人的行为?
        │
        │      It was kind of you to help me.
        │
        │      → adjective + OF somebody + to do
        │
        ├── 某人的感受/反应?
        │
        │      I'm glad to see you.
        │      I'm sorry to hear that.
        │
        │      → 主语是 to do 的执行者
        │
        ├── 表示顺序/唯一性?
        │
        │      the first to arrive
        │      the last to leave
        │      the only one to know
        │
        └── 表示可能性/确定性?
               │
               ├── likely to do
               ├── sure to do
               └── bound to do

39. 一句话记住 Unit 65

This book is easy to read. 某物做起来怎么样

It was kind of you to help me. 评价某人的行为

I’m glad to see you. 表达人的感受 / 反应

He was the first to arrive. 第几个 / 唯一一个做某事的人

She is bound to pass the exam. 某事很可能 / 肯定会发生