Appearance
Unit 16 — Past perfect continuous
I had been doing
A. Past Perfect Continuous：过去完成进行时
1. Example situation
昨天早上，我起床后看向窗外。
The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
太阳正在照耀，但是地面非常湿。
为什么地面是湿的？
因为：
It had been raining.
之前一直在下雨。
注意：
It was not raining when I looked out of the window.
当我看向窗外的时候，已经没有下雨了。
但是：
It had been raining before.
在那之前一直下着雨。
2. Past Perfect Continuous 的基本结构
had + been + doing
也就是：
had + been + 动词-ing
例如：
- had been doing
- had been working
- had been playing
- had been waiting
- had been raining
- had been running
3. 所有人称都使用 had been
| 主语 | 结构 |
|---|---|
| I | had been doing |
| we | had been doing |
| you | had been doing |
| they | had been doing |
| he | had been doing |
| she | had been doing |
| it | had been doing |
缩写：
I’d been = I had been you’d been = you had been he’d been = he had been she’d been = she had been we’d been = we had been they’d been = they had been
4. 核心含义
过去完成进行时表示：
在过去某个时间点之前，一件事情已经持续了一段时间。
核心结构：
过去某时之前 + 一直在做某事
时间轴：
EARLIER PAST PAST NOW
│ │ │
├────────────────────────▶ │
had been doing ● │
reference point
也就是：
had been doing = 到过去那个时候之前，一直在……
5. Example — I’d been repairing my bike
My hands were dirty because I’d been repairing my bike.
我的手很脏，因为之前我一直在修自行车。
时间关系：
repairing bike
────────────────▶ hands were dirty
│
PAST
重点不是单纯说：
我修过自行车。
而是强调：
在手很脏之前，我一直在修自行车。
修车这个持续的动作造成了：
hands were dirty
6. Example — He’d been working hard all day
Tom was tired when he got home. He’d been working hard all day.
Tom 到家时很累。
因为：
他之前一整天都一直在努力工作。
时间：
working all day
─────────────────▶ got home
│
was tired
这里强调：
持续的工作 → 导致过去那个时候很累
7. Example — She hadn’t been living there very long
I went to Madrid a few years ago and stayed with a friend of mine.
几年前我去了马德里，住在一个朋友那里。
She hadn’t been living there very long, but she knew the city very well.
她当时在那里住的时间并不长，但是她对这座城市非常熟悉。
否定结构：
had not been doing
缩写：
hadn’t been doing
8. 一个动作持续到另一个过去事件发生
We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.
开始下大雨的时候，我们已经打了大约半小时网球。
时间关系：
playing tennis
─────────────────────▶ rain started
about 30 minutes │
PAST
这里有两个动作：
更早开始并持续
We had been playing tennis.
后来发生
It started to rain.
所以：
had been doing + when + past simple
是非常典型的组合。
B. have been -ing vs had been -ing
9. Present Perfect Continuous
结构：
have/has been + doing
核心：
到现在为止一直在……
时间：
PAST ─────────────────▶ NOW
have been doing
例如：
I hope the bus comes soon. I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes.
希望公交车快点来。
我已经等了20分钟了。
这里：
等待开始于过去 → 持续到现在
参考点：
NOW
10. Past Perfect Continuous
结构：
had been + doing
核心：
到过去某个时候为止一直在……
时间：
EARLIER PAST ─────────▶ PAST ─────▶ NOW
had been doing ↑
reference point
例如：
At last the bus came. I’d been waiting for 20 minutes.
公交车终于来了。
在公交车来之前：
我已经等了20分钟。
参考点不是现在，而是：
the bus came
这个过去事件。
11. I’ve been waiting vs I’d been waiting
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|
| I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes. | I’d been waiting for 20 minutes. |
| 我已经等20分钟了。 | 当时我已经等了20分钟了。 |
| 参考点 = 现在 | 参考点 = 过去 |
| have been doing | had been doing |
最关键的区别：
have been doing → 到现在
had been doing → 到过去某时
12. Example — running
Present Perfect Continuous
James is out of breath. He’s been running.
James 现在气喘吁吁。
因为：
他之前一直在跑步。
这里：
he’s been = he has been
参考点：
NOW
Past Perfect Continuous
James was out of breath. He’d been running.
James 当时气喘吁吁。
因为：
他之前一直在跑步。
这里：
he’d been = he had been
参考点：
PAST
13. 两者统一理解
have been doing
站在现在，往前看一个持续的动作
doing doing doing doing
─────────────────────▶ NOW
have been doing
had been doing
站在过去，往更早以前看一个持续的动作
doing doing doing doing
─────────────────────▶ PAST ─────▶ NOW
had been doing
C. Past Continuous vs Past Perfect Continuous
14. was doing
Past Continuous：
was/were + doing
表示：
过去某个时间点，正在做某事
例如：
Katherine was lying on the sofa.
Katherine 当时正躺在沙发上。
重点：
那个时候正在做什么
15. had been doing
Past Perfect Continuous：
had been + doing
表示：
在过去那个时间点之前，一直在做什么
例如：
She was tired because she’d been working hard.
她当时很累，因为之前一直在努力工作。
重点：
之前持续了什么动作
16. was doing vs had been doing
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|
| was/were doing | had been doing |
| 当时正在做 | 在那之前一直在做 |
| 关注过去某时的动作 | 关注过去某时之前的持续过程 |
例如：
Katherine was lying on the sofa.
她当时正躺在沙发上。
因为：
She’d been working hard.
她之前一直在努力工作。
时间关系：
working hard
─────────────────▶ tired / lying on sofa
had been working was lying
│
PAST
17. 图片中的下雨例子
It wasn’t raining when we went out.
我们出去的时候没有下雨。
The sun was shining.
太阳正在照耀。
但是：
It had been raining.
在这之前一直在下雨。
所以：
the ground was wet.
地面是湿的。
18. 三个进行时对比
| 时态 | 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| Present Continuous | am/is/are doing | 现在正在做 |
| Past Continuous | was/were doing | 过去某时正在做 |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had been doing | 到过去某时之前一直在做 |
例如：
Present Continuous
It is raining.
现在正在下雨。
Past Continuous
It was raining when I went out.
我出去的时候正在下雨。
Past Perfect Continuous
It had been raining before I went out.
我出去之前一直在下雨。
19. Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous
这是 Unit 15 和 Unit 16 最重要的区别。
Past Perfect
had done
强调：
完成 / 结果
Past Perfect Continuous
had been doing
强调：
过程 / 持续
20. had done
例如：
I had repaired my bike.
我已经把自行车修好了。
重点：
修完了
21. had been doing
I had been repairing my bike.
我之前一直在修自行车。
重点：
修车这个过程持续了一段时间
不一定表示：
已经修好了。
22. 一个非常重要的区别
He had worked.
他已经工作过 / 完成了相关工作。
更关注：
完成
He had been working.
他之前一直在工作。
更关注：
持续过程
23. 为什么手是脏的？
图片中的例子：
My hands were dirty because I’d been repairing my bike.
这里使用：
had been repairing
非常自然。
因为我们想解释：
为什么手会脏？
答案是：
之前一直在修车。
所以强调：
持续活动造成的结果
这也是 Past Perfect Continuous 非常典型的用法。
24. 常见逻辑
过去出现一个结果：
tired dirty wet out of breath
然后解释：
之前一直发生什么？
使用：
had been doing
例如：
Tom was tired because he had been working all day.
My hands were dirty because I had been repairing my bike.
The ground was wet because it had been raining.
James was out of breath because he had been running.
可以记成：
过去的结果 ← 之前持续的动作
D. 有些动词通常不用进行时
有一些动词通常不使用：
be + -ing
例如：
know
所以通常不说：
❌ had been knowing
而说：
had known
25. Example — had known
We were good friends. We had known each other for years.
我们是好朋友。
当时我们已经认识很多年了。
不说：
❌ We had been knowing each other for years.
26. Example — had had
A few years ago Lisa cut her hair really short.
几年前 Lisa 把头发剪得很短。
I was surprised because she’d always had long hair.
我很惊讶，因为在那之前她一直留着长发。
这里：
she’d always had
展开：
she had always had
第一个 had：
Past Perfect 助动词
第二个 had：
have 的过去分词
所以：
had had
是完全正确的结构。
27. had had 怎么理解？
例如：
She had had long hair for years.
可以拆成：
had + had
第一个：
had = 过去完成时助动词
第二个：
had = have 的过去分词
意思：
到过去那个时候为止，她已经留长发很多年了。
28. 四个时态放在一起
以 work 为例：
Present Continuous
I am working.
我现在正在工作。
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been working for three hours.
我已经连续工作三个小时了。
参考点：
现在
Past Continuous
I was working at 8 p.m.
晚上8点的时候我正在工作。
参考点：
过去8点那个瞬间
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been working for three hours when he called me.
他打电话给我的时候，我已经连续工作三个小时了。
参考点：
he called me
29. 时间轴统一理解
am doing
现在正在做
─────●─────
NOW
am doing
was doing
过去某时正在做
─────●──────────── NOW
PAST
was doing
have been doing
到现在一直在做
───────────────▶ NOW
have been doing
had been doing
到过去某时之前一直在做
─────────▶ PAST ─────────▶ NOW
had been doing
30. Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous 对照
| Past Perfect | Past Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|
| had done | had been doing |
| 过去完成时 | 过去完成进行时 |
| 强调完成、结果 | 强调过程、持续 |
| 已经做了 | 之前一直在做 |
| I had repaired it. | I had been repairing it. |
| 重点：修好了 | 重点：一直在修 |
31. Unit 15 + Unit 16 一起理解
Unit 15
had done
核心：
过去的过去
例如：
When I arrived, he had left.
我到的时候，他已经走了。
Unit 16
had been doing
核心：
过去的过去 + 持续进行
例如：
When I arrived, he had been waiting for an hour.
我到的时候，他已经等了一个小时了。
32. 一个例子看懂区别
假设：
Tom 8:00 开始工作。
你 12:00 看到 Tom。
Past Continuous
At 12, Tom was working.
12点的时候 Tom 正在工作。
关注：
12点那个瞬间
Past Perfect Continuous
At 12, Tom had been working for four hours.
到12点的时候，Tom 已经连续工作4个小时了。
关注：
8:00 → 12:00 这段持续时间
时间：
8:00 12:00
│ │
├────────────────────────────▶
working
had been working
↑
reference point
33. for 经常和 had been doing 一起出现
因为过去完成进行时经常强调：
持续多久
所以很常见：
for + 一段时间
例如：
I’d been waiting for 20 minutes.
We’d been playing tennis for half an hour.
He’d been working all day.
34. 图片中的核心例句汇总
| Example | 中文 |
|---|---|
| It had been raining. | 之前一直在下雨。 |
| I’d been repairing my bike. | 我之前一直在修自行车。 |
| He’d been working hard all day. | 他之前一整天都一直在努力工作。 |
| She hadn’t been living there very long. | 她当时在那里住的时间还不长。 |
| We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour. | 我们当时已经打了大约半小时网球。 |
| I’ve been waiting for 20 minutes. | 我已经等20分钟了。 |
| I’d been waiting for 20 minutes. | 当时我已经等20分钟了。 |
| He’s been running. | 他之前一直在跑步。 |
| He’d been running. | 他当时之前一直在跑步。 |
| She’d been working hard. | 她之前一直在努力工作。 |
| We had known each other for years. | 当时我们已经认识很多年了。 |
| She’d always had long hair. | 在那之前她一直留着长发。 |
35. 最重要的三个问题
看到一个句子时，可以问自己：
问题 1：参考点在哪里？
如果是：
现在
可能使用：
have been doing
如果是：
过去某个时间
可能使用：
had been doing
问题 2：我要强调完成还是持续？
强调：
完成 / 结果
使用：
had done
强调：
持续 / 过程
使用：
had been doing
问题 3：是不是状态动词？
例如：
know
通常不用进行时。
所以：
✅ We had known each other for years.
而不是：
❌ We had been knowing each other for years.
36. 最终核心对照表
| 时态 | 结构 | 核心意思 |
|---|---|---|
| Present Continuous | am/is/are doing | 现在正在做 |
| Past Continuous | was/were doing | 过去某时正在做 |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have/has been doing | 到现在一直在做 |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had been doing | 到过去某时之前一直在做 |
37. 最重要的时间轴
Present Perfect Continuous
have been doing
PAST
│
├────────────────────────▶ NOW
have been doing
意思：
到现在为止一直在……
Past Perfect Continuous
had been doing
EARLIER PAST
│
├────────────────▶ PAST ─────────▶ NOW
had been doing ↑
reference point
意思：
到过去那个时候为止，一直在……
38. 一句话记忆
have been doing
到现在一直在做
had done
到过去那个时候已经做完 / 做过
had been doing
到过去那个时候之前一直在做
最核心：
Past Perfect Continuous = Past Before Past + Continuous
也就是：
过去的过去 + 持续过程
例如：
Tom was tired because he had been working all day.
Tom 当时很累，因为：
在“他很累”这个过去时间点之前，他已经持续工作了一整天。