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Unit 87 — much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty

核心主题

这一单元主要学习:

  • much / little:搭配不可数名词
  • many / few:搭配复数可数名词
  • a lot of / lots of / plenty of:两者都可以
  • much 在肯定句中的使用特点
  • little / fewa little / a few 的区别
  • only a little / only a few

A. much / many / little / few / a lot of / plenty of

1. much 和 little + 不可数名词

我们用:

much + uncountable noun

和:

little + uncountable noun

例如:

much luck

很多运气

much time

很多时间

little energy

很少的精力

little money

很少的钱


2. many 和 few + 复数可数名词

我们用:

many + plural noun

和:

few + plural noun

例如:

many friends

很多朋友

many people

很多人

few cars

很少的车

few children

很少的孩子


3. a lot of / lots of / plenty of

下面三个结构都可以和:

  • 不可数名词
  • 复数可数名词

一起使用。

a lot of

lots of

plenty of


不可数名词

a lot of luck

很多运气

lots of time

很多时间

plenty of money

很多钱


复数可数名词

a lot of friends

很多朋友

lots of people

很多人

plenty of ideas

很多想法


4. plenty = more than enough

plenty

不是简单的“很多”。

它更接近:

more than enough

也就是:

很多,而且完全够用 / 绰绰有余


例如:

There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.

没必要着急。 我们的时间很充足。

这里:

plenty of time

不是单纯:

有很多时间

而是:

时间完全够,不需要担心。


再例如:

There’s plenty to do in this town.

这个镇上有很多事情可以做。


A 部分核心表格

名词类型很多很少很多且足够
不可数名词muchlittleplenty of
复数可数名词manyfewplenty of
两者都可以a lot of / lots ofplenty of

例如:

much money

little money

many books

few books

a lot of money

a lot of books

plenty of money

plenty of books


B. much 在肯定句中不太常用

5. much 更常见于否定句和疑问句

尤其是在日常口语中:

much

在普通肯定句中不太自然。


例如否定句:

We didn’t spend much money.

我们没花很多钱。

这里使用:

much

非常自然。


但是肯定句通常不说:

We spent much money.

更自然的是:

We spent a lot of money.

我们花了很多钱。


6. much 也可以修饰动词

例如:

Do you see David much?

你经常见 David 吗?

这里:

much

≈ often / a lot


肯定句更自然地说:

I see David a lot.

我经常见 David。

而不是通常说:

I see David much.


7. 肯定句中的 much:too much / so much / as much

虽然普通肯定句中:

much

不太常见,

但是下面这些结构非常常见:

too much

太多

so much

这么多 / 那么多

as much

和……一样多


例如:

We spent too much money.

我们花了太多钱。


I have so much work to do.

我有这么多工作要做。


I don’t earn as much money as he does.

我挣的钱没有他多。


8. many 和 a lot of 都可以用于各种句型

manymuch 更灵活。

例如:

肯定句

Many people drive too fast.

很多人开车太快。

或者:

A lot of people drive too fast.


疑问句

Do you know many people?

你认识很多人吗?

或者:

Do you know a lot of people?


否定句

There aren’t many tourists here.

这里游客不多。

或者:

There aren’t a lot of tourists here.


9. many years / many weeks / many days

表示:

很多年 / 很多周 / 很多天

我们很自然地使用:

many

例如:

We’ve lived here for many years.

我们已经在这里住很多年了。

教材特别提醒:

通常不说 a lot of years

虽然语法上有时可以理解,但:

many years

更自然。

类似:

many weeks

many days

many months


B 部分核心规律

much

最自然:

否定句

疑问句

例如:

I don’t have much time.

Do you have much time?


普通肯定句:

更倾向使用 a lot of

例如:

I have a lot of time.


但以下情况可以放心用 much:

too much

so much

as much


C. little 和 few

这是本单元的重点。

10. little = not much

little

搭配:

不可数名词

意思是:

not much

即:

很少、几乎没有,不够

通常带有一种:

负面含义


例如:

Gary is very busy with his job. He has little time for other things.

Gary 工作很忙。 他几乎没有时间做其他事情。

这里:

little time

= not much time

而且:

比他希望拥有的时间更少。


11. few = not many

few

搭配:

复数可数名词

意思:

not many

即:

很少、几乎没有

同样通常带:

负面含义


例如:

Vicky doesn’t like living in London. She has few friends there.

Vicky 不喜欢住在伦敦。 她在那里几乎没什么朋友。

这里:

few friends

= not many friends

而且:

没有她希望的那么多。


12. very little / very few

我们经常使用:

very little

非常少

和:

very few

非常少


例如:

Gary has very little time for other things.

Gary 几乎没有时间做其他事情。


Vicky has very few friends in London.

Vicky 在伦敦几乎没有朋友。


little / few 的核心感觉

这两个词都不是单纯客观表达:

数量少。

它们经常暗示:

少得不够 / 少得不理想

所以具有一定的:

negative meaning


D. a little 和 a few

加一个:

a

意思就发生明显变化。


13. a little = some, a small amount

a little

搭配:

不可数名词

表示:

有一点 / 有一些

重点是:

虽然不多,但有,而且通常够用。


例如:

Let’s go and have coffee. We have a little time before the train leaves.

我们去喝杯咖啡吧。 火车出发前还有一点时间。

这里:

a little time

表示:

有一些时间,而且够喝杯咖啡。


对比

little time

时间很少,几乎不够。

a little time

有一点时间,还可以利用。


14. A little 单独使用

例如:

‘Do you speak English?’ ‘A little.

“你会说英语吗?”

“会一点。”

这里:

a little = a little English


15. a few = some, a small number

a few

搭配:

复数可数名词

表示:

有几个 / 有一些

数量不多,但是:

确实有。


例如:

I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often.

我喜欢这里的生活。 我有几个朋友,而且我们经常见面。

这里:

a few friends

虽然朋友不多,

但:

足够一起出去、见面、享受生活。


16. a few days

‘When was the last time you saw Clare?’ ‘A few days ago.

“你上次见 Clare 是什么时候?”

“几天前。”

教材解释:

a few days ago ≈ 3 or 4 days ago

也就是:

几天前。


little vs a little

这是最重要的区别之一。

little

几乎没有

not much

偏负面。


a little

有一点

some

偏正面 / 中性。


对比

I have little time.

我几乎没时间。

暗示:

不够。


I have a little time.

我还有一点时间。

暗示:

虽然不多,但还有。


few vs a few

同样:

few

很少 / 几乎没有

not many

偏负面。


a few

有几个 / 有一些

some

偏正面 / 中性。


例如:

I have few friends here.

我在这里几乎没有朋友。

暗示:

我希望朋友更多。


I have a few friends here.

我在这里有几个朋友。

暗示:

虽然不多,但还是有一些。


E. little / a little,few / a few 对比

17. little English vs a little English

He spoke little English, so it was difficult to communicate with him.

他几乎不会说英语,所以和他交流很困难。

这里:

little English

= 几乎不会英语


He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate with him.

他会一点英语,所以我们能够和他交流。

这里:

a little English

= 会一些英语


18. few problems vs a few problems

She’s lucky. She has few problems.

她很幸运。 她几乎没什么问题。

这里:

few problems

= not many problems

这是好事。


Things are not going so well for her. She has a few problems.

她最近情况不太顺利。 她有几个问题。

这里:

a few problems

= some problems


注意:正负面取决于名词本身

虽然:

few

通常意味着“少得不够”,

但是如果后面的东西本身是负面的:

problems

那么:

few problems

反而是好事。

例如:

She has few problems.

= 她几乎没有问题。

所以她很幸运。


19. only a little

我们说:

only a little

不是:

only little

例如:

Hurry! We only have a little time.

快点! 我们只剩一点时间。

这里:

a little = 一点

加:

only

表示:

只有这么一点。


20. only a few

同样:

only a few

而不是:

only few

例如:

The village was small. There were only a few houses.

这个村庄很小。 只有几栋房子。


little / a little / few / a few 核心表格

表达名词类型意思感觉
little不可数很少、几乎没有偏负面
a little不可数有一点偏正面 / 中性
few复数可数很少、几乎没有偏负面
a few复数可数有几个偏正面 / 中性

最重要的四组例子

little

I have little money.

我几乎没钱。


a little

I have a little money.

我有一点钱。


few

I have few friends.

我几乎没什么朋友。


a few

I have a few friends.

我有几个朋友。


much / many / a lot of 的选择

不可数名词

例如:

money

time

work

water

可以说:

much money

a lot of money

但不能说:

many money


复数可数名词

例如:

books

people

friends

cars

可以说:

many books

a lot of books

但不能说:

much books


little / few 的选择

不可数

little + uncountable

例如:

little money

little time

little water


复数可数

few + plural countable

例如:

few books

few people

few cars


plenty of 和 a lot of 的区别

两者都表示:

很多

但感觉不同。


a lot of

单纯表示:

数量很多

例如:

I have a lot of work today.

我今天有很多工作。


plenty of

表示:

很多,而且足够

例如:

We have plenty of time.

我们时间很充足。

潜台词:

不需要着急。


对比

I have a lot of money.

我有很多钱。

只是说明:

数量很多。


I have plenty of money.

我的钱完全够用。

重点:

足够,甚至绰绰有余。


最容易犯的错误

错误 1:much people

错误:

❌ much people

因为:

people = 复数可数名词

正确:

many people

a lot of people


错误 2:many money

错误:

❌ many money

因为:

money = 不可数名词

正确:

much money

a lot of money


错误 3:little friends

错误:

❌ little friends

如果想表达:

很少的朋友

应该说:

few friends

因为:

friends = plural countable


错误 4:few time

错误:

❌ few time

正确:

little time

因为:

time = uncountable


错误 5:little 和 a little 当成一样

I have little time.

≈ 我几乎没时间。

但是:

I have a little time.

≈ 我还有一点时间。

这两句话的态度明显不同。


错误 6:few 和 a few 当成一样

He has few friends.

≈ 他几乎没有朋友。

但是:

He has a few friends.

≈ 他有几个朋友。


Unit 87 最终思维模型

① 先判断名词是可数还是不可数

不可数

用:

much / little / a little

例如:

much time

little time

a little time


复数可数

用:

many / few / a few

例如:

many friends

few friends

a few friends


② 如果不想判断 much / many

很多时候可以直接使用:

a lot of

因为:

可数、不可数都可以。

例如:

a lot of money

a lot of friends


③ 如果想表达“很多,而且绝对够”

使用:

plenty of

例如:

We have plenty of time.

我们的时间很充足。


④ little / few 没有 a

意味着:

少得不够 / 几乎没有

例如:

little money

几乎没钱。

few friends

几乎没朋友。


⑤ a little / a few 有 a

意味着:

虽然少,但是有一些

例如:

a little money

有一点钱。

a few friends

有几个朋友。


一个非常实用的记忆方法

可以把 a 理解成:

“还有一点”

所以:

little ↓ 几乎没有

但是:

a little ↓ 还有一点

同样:

few ↓ 几乎没有几个

但是:

a few ↓ 还有几个


Unit 87 一句话记忆

much / little 配不可数,many / few 配复数可数;a lot of 两边都能用;plenty of 表示“很多而且够”;little / few = 几乎没有,a little / a few = 还有一点 / 几个。

最核心的四句:

I have little time. 我几乎没时间。

I have a little time. 我还有一点时间。

I have few friends. 我几乎没什么朋友。

I have a few friends. 我有几个朋友。