Appearance
Unit 128 — by
A. by mistake / by accident / by chance
You can say that something happens:
by mistake / by accident / by chance
Examples:
- We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by chance.
But we say:
do something on purpose
= you mean to do it
Example:
- I didn’t do it on purpose. It was an accident.
by chance / by accident 的用法
注意我们说：
by chance
by accident
而不是：
by the chance
by an accident
在这些表达中：
by + noun
名词前面不用 the 或 a/an。
常见表达
| 表达 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| by mistake | 错误地；无意中 |
| by accident | 偶然；意外地 |
| by chance | 偶然；碰巧 |
| on purpose | 故意地 |
例如：
I deleted the file by mistake.
我不小心删除了这个文件。
We met by chance.
我们偶然遇见了。
I broke it by accident.
我不小心把它弄坏了。
He did it on purpose.
他是故意这么做的。
B. by + 交通方式 / 做事方式
1. by + 交通工具
We use by ... to say how somebody travels.
For example, you can travel:
by car
by train
by plane
by boat
by ship
by bus
by bike
etc.
Example:
- Jess usually goes to work by bus / by bike / by car.
基本结构
by + 交通工具
表示：
乘坐 / 使用某种交通方式
例如：
I go to work by car.
我开车上班。
I went to Beijing by train.
我坐火车去了北京。
We travelled there by plane.
我们坐飞机去了那里。
1. by car vs in my car
如果只是表达：
交通方式
使用：
by car
但是如果交通工具前面出现：
my / your / his / the / a
等限定词，就不能继续使用 by。
We do not use by if we say:
my car / the train / a taxi
etc.
We say:
by car
but
in my car
(not by my car)
by train
but
on the train
(not by the train)
对比
I go to work by car.
我开车上班。
这里强调：
交通方式
I went to work in my car.
我是开自己的车去上班的。
这里强调：
具体的车
2. in + car / taxi
We use in for cars and taxis:
- They didn’t come in their car. They came in a taxi.
所以：
in a car
in my car
in his car
in a taxi
3. on + 公共交通工具 / bike
We use on for bikes and public transport (buses, trains etc.):
- We travelled on the 6.45 train, which arrived at 8.30.
例如：
on the bus
on the train
on a plane
on a bike
这里通常指：
具体的交通工具
4. on foot
Note that we usually say:
on foot
not usually:
by foot
Example:
- Did you come here by car or on foot?
所以：
by car
by bus
by train
but
on foot
5. 交通方式总结
| 情况 | 表达 |
|---|---|
| 交通方式 | by car |
| 交通方式 | by bus |
| 交通方式 | by train |
| 交通方式 | by plane |
| 自己的汽车 | in my car |
| 一辆出租车 | in a taxi |
| 具体的公交车 | on the bus |
| 具体的火车 | on the train |
| 具体的飞机 | on the plane |
| 自行车上 | on a bike |
| 步行 | on foot |
6. by + 做事方式
We also use by to say how we do other things.
For example, you can:
send something by post
pay by card
pay by cheque
do something by hand
Example:
- Can I pay by credit card?
常见表达
by post
通过邮寄
by card
刷卡 / 用银行卡
by credit card
用信用卡
by cheque
用支票
by hand
手工 / 手写
例如：
I sent the documents by post.
我通过邮寄发送了文件。
Can I pay by credit card?
我可以用信用卡付款吗？
This table was made by hand.
这张桌子是手工制作的。
7. pay cash / pay in cash
注意：
pay cash
or
pay in cash
而通常不说：
pay by cash
例如：
Can I pay in cash?
我可以付现金吗？
I paid cash for the computer.
我用现金买了这台电脑。
C. by 和 with
9. 被动语态中的 by
We say that:
something is done by ...
(passive)
Examples:
- Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
- The programme was watched by millions of people.
这里：
by + 动作执行者
表示：
被谁 / 由谁做
主动语态
A dog bit him.
一只狗咬了他。
被动语态
He was bitten by a dog.
他被一只狗咬了。
所以：
by = 动作的执行者
8. by vs with
Compare by and with:
- The door must have been opened with a key. (not
by a key)
= somebody used a key to open it
- The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.
核心区别
by + 人 / 动作执行者
with + 工具
例如：
The window was broken by Tom.
窗户是 Tom 打破的。
The window was broken with a hammer.
窗户是用锤子打破的。
组合起来：
The window was broken by Tom with a hammer.
窗户是 Tom 用锤子打破的。
思维模型
问：
Who did it?
使用：
by
问：
What did they use?
使用：
with
9. 作品 + by + 作者
We say:
a play by Shakespeare
a painting by Rembrandt
a novel by Tolstoy
etc.
Examples:
- Have you read any poems by Shakespeare?
- ‘Who is this painting by? Picasso?’ ‘I have no idea.’
这里的 by 表示：
由……创作
例如：
a book by George Orwell
George Orwell 写的一本书。
a song by Adele
Adele 的一首歌。
a painting by Picasso
Picasso 的一幅画。
D. by = next to / beside
12. by 表示“在旁边”
By also means:
next to / beside
Examples:
- The light switch is by the door.
- Come and sit by me. (= next to me)
by = beside = next to
例如：
There is a chair by the window.
窗户旁边有一把椅子。
Come and sit by me.
过来坐我旁边。
My car is parked by the building.
我的车停在大楼旁边。
这里的 by 是空间关系
可以理解成：
A by B
≈
A 在 B 的旁边 / 附近
所以：
by the door
门边
by the window
窗边
by the river
河边
by the sea
海边
E. by + 差值
13. by 表示两个数值之间的差
You can also use by ... to show the difference between two things.
Examples:
Clare’s salary has increased by ten per cent. (= it’s now ten per cent more than before)
Carl won the race by five metres. (= he was five metres in front of the other runners)
10. increase by
例如：
My salary increased by 10%.
我的工资增加了 10%。
注意这里：
by 10% = 增加的幅度是 10%
11. win by
例如：
Carl won the race by five metres.
Carl 以五米的优势赢得比赛。
这里：
by five metres
表示：
两个人之间相差五米。
12. by + 差值的思维模型
可以理解成：
difference = by + amount
例如：
Prices increased by 20%.
价格上涨了 20%。
She is taller than me by five centimetres.
她比我高五厘米。
We missed the train by two minutes.
我们晚了两分钟，没赶上火车。
所以：
by + 数值
经常表示：
相差多少 / 变化多少
13. Unit 128 的 by 用法总结
| 用法 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 偶然 / 无意 | by + noun | by chance |
| 交通方式 | by + transport | by car |
| 做事方式 | by + method | by post |
| 被动执行者 | by + agent | written by Shakespeare |
| 创作者 | by + creator | a painting by Picasso |
| 在旁边 | by + place/person | by the door |
| 差值 | by + amount | increased by 10% |
14. 高频固定搭配
偶然 / 错误
by mistake
by accident
by chance
对比：
on purpose
交通
by car
by train
by plane
by boat
by ship
by bus
by bike
特殊：
on foot
做事方式
by post
by card
by credit card
by cheque
by hand
特殊：
pay cash
pay in cash
被动 / 创作者
bitten by a dog
written by Shakespeare
painted by Picasso
位置
by the door
by the window
by me
差值
increased by 10%
won by five metres
15. by / in / on + 交通工具
这是这一单元非常重要的一组区别：
by + 交通工具
强调：
How? —— 交通方式
例如：
I go to work by car.
in + car / taxi
强调：
在具体的小型车辆里面
例如：
I came in my car.
She arrived in a taxi.
on + bus / train / plane / bike
强调：
在具体的公共交通工具 / 自行车上
例如：
I left my bag on the bus.
I met him on the train.
There were 200 people on the plane.
对比
I went there by train.
我坐火车去那里。
强调交通方式。
I slept on the train.
我在火车上睡觉。
强调具体的位置。
16. by / with 的核心区别
by
回答：
Who?
谁做的？
例如：
The software was developed by our team.
这个软件是我们团队开发的。
with
回答：
How? / Using what?
使用什么工具？
例如：
The file was opened with this program.
这个文件是用这个程序打开的。
组合：
The file was created by Tom with this software.
这个文件是 Tom 用这个软件创建的。
17. Unit 128 最终思维模型
by 看起来有很多不同意思，但可以建立几个核心模型：
① by = means / method
通过某种方式
例如：
by car
by train
by post
by card
② by = agent / source
动作来自谁 / 作品来自谁
例如：
written by Shakespeare
developed by our team
bitten by a dog
③ by = beside
在……旁边
例如：
by the door
by the window
by the river
④ by = difference
相差 / 变化的幅度
例如：
increased by 10%
won by five metres
⑤ by + 固定名词
表示某些方式或原因：
by chance
by accident
by mistake
18. 一句话记住 Unit 128
by = 通过 / 由 / 在旁边 / 相差
可以用四个问题快速判断：
How? → byWho did it? → byBeside where? → byHow much difference? → by
例如：
I went there by car. → How?
The program was written by Tom. → Who?
I sat by the window. → Beside where?
The price increased by 20%. → How much difference?